Summary of Life Organization
We can see the different of organism according to their forms and number of composed cells. some organization are unicellular such as Amoeba, Paramecium, and chlorella, some other are colony organism which are formed from several cells such as Anabaena (green-blue algae)and Volvox (green algae ) while the other organism are multicellular organism such as animals and plants.
For more info, let us study the following discussion.
1. Cell
All organism are composed of cells. Cell is the smallest basic unit of organism. Theory on cell started from the invention of simple microscope by a dutch scientist, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. Around 1665, a British scientist, Robert Hooke, successfully made a more advanced microscope. He observed corks and found the spaces that are later called Cell.
a. Cell parts
Basically, cell is composed of three parts. Plasm membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. The three parts have different structures and function. All the cells contents , i.e. cytoplasm is composed of cells liquid and living cellular things. In plant cell, in addition to those three parts, there is another component, namely cell wall.
1 ) Plasm membrane
The plasm membrane is a thin membrane that cell’s contents. The porous membrane can be penetrated by water, gases and other certain substances. It means that not all substances can pass it freely. This characteristic is called semipermeable or selective permeable.
2 ) Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is comprised of liquid and cells organelles. The water in the cell 70-80 percent of all cell content. In the Cytoplasm, the organic substances such as protein, fat and carbohydrate are dissolved.
3) Nucleus
Nucleus is the part of cell whose size a bigger than the cell organelles in general. Nucleus is round or oval and is located in the middle or in the edge of the cell.
2. Tissue
A group of cells that have similar forms, composition and functions will compose a unit of cells that are called tissue.
In plants, some tissues are composed of different forms of cells, which is called composite network.
In our body, the cells are also organized into certain composition, and they support certain function. Most vertebrates have four kinds of main tissues namely epithel tissue, supporting tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue.
3. Organ
Organ is a unit of several types of tissues that are close to each other and support certain function.
Plants have several organs such as root, trunks, and leaf. They are sometimes also sustained by flowers and fruits, and so does our body. Our body also has many organs such as Lungs, intestines, heart, blood vessels, kidney and eyes.
4. Organ System
Some organs such kidney, lung, heart, and skin coordinate each other In conducting certain function to form an organ system.
Our body has different organ system, namely respiration, digestion, blood circulation, and moving system.
Table, the composing organ and the function of organs system on human and animals.
No.
|
Organ system
|
Composing organs
|
Functions
|
1
|
Digestion
|
Mouth, stomach, small intestine, and digestive glands.
|
Food digesting to be absorbed by small intestine.
|
2
|
Respiration
|
Nose, throat, and lungs.
|
Introducing 0₂ to the body and releasing CO₂ and water vapor
|
3
|
Blood circulating
|
Heart, veins, and arteries
|
Transporting food, O₂, CO₂ and other substances.
|
4
|
Excretion
|
Kidney, liver and skin
|
Excretion the residues.
|
5
|
Movement
|
Bone and muscles
|
Extremities
|
6
|
Reproduction
|
Tastes and ovarium
|
Reproduction
|
7
|
Coordination
|
Brain, bone marrow, nerve fiber, senses, glands, producing hormones
|
Coordinating movement and response to stimulus and regulating the organ functions.
|
5. Organism
there are relations between organ system and body organs and that they influence each other directly or indirectly.
For example : the level of the sugar blood of patients of diabetes is more than that of normal people
Summary of Component ecosystem
1. The biotic components
Biotic components are parts of an ecosystem. Example of biotic components : plants, animals, and various microorganisms. Based on their function in the ecosystem, biotic components are grouped into producers, consumers, and decomposers.
a. Producers
Producers are organism that produce food for both themselves and other organism. All plants and photosynthetic organism are producers because they can photosynthesize.
b. Consumers
Consumers are organisms that eat other organisms because they cannot manufacture their own food. Consumers are caterogized into primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.
c. Decomposers
Decomposers are organisms that decomposed organic material of dead organisms into organic ones. The inorganic materials resulted from the process fertilize the land since they are rich of nutrients necessary for the soil.
2. The Abiotic components
Abiotic components are parts of an ecosystem that consist of non-living factors surrounding the organism. Example abiotic components are : sunlight, air, water, and temperature.
a. Sunlight
Sunlight are the main source of energy for all organisms on earth. By using sunlight photosynthesis can happened.
b. Air
Air is composed of different types of gases such as oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.
c. Water
All organism on earth need water to survive. plants, as well as animal and human being.
d. Temperature
Temperature one of important for the organism to survive on earth. Each organism need a certain range of temperature survive.
Summary of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is one of a natural phenomena. Diversity is one of the characteristic of organism.
1. The evaluation of diversity level
An organism in area will evolve from less diverse to more diverse one. It shows that organisms have the characteristic to evolve towards a more diverse.
Do some places have the same diversity?
Organism diversity is different from one place to another. The difference of diversity level between one area to another is completely determined by the situation or characteristic of the local environment.
2. Human influence to diversity level
Forest has higher level of diversity compared to rice field, unirrigated field, plantation and even housing. Sometimes people do contrary to what the nature wishes. The nature tends to improve the diversity of live while human being does otherwise, i.e reducing the level of diversity.
3. The influence of environment and reproduction to diversity level
Organism that lives in one places will make adjustment with is habitat.
It also has different organisms. since the organisms tries to adapt to its habitat, organism in one habitat , organisms in one habitat will have different characteristic from organism in other habitat.
4. The important of diversity for life
the survival of an organism will be completely influenced by the level of an organism diversity in that habitat. We always hear about the rice field infested by pests. But we never hear that all plants in forests are finished off by pest infestation.
Why can’t pests infest and finish off all plants in forests?
Because in the forest that has high level of diversity, there will be the “to eat and to be eaten” process so the food chain won’t be broken.
Why the rice field easily infested by pests?
Because the rice field has low level of diversity. The types of organism in the rice field is fewer than those in the forest. So, the explosion of number of certain population will endanger the other types of organisms.
5. Reduction of diversity level and natural conservation effort
The number of diversity can decrease due to rarity and extinction which can be caused by some factors.
1. The type organism isn’t directly required by human beings at the time so they don’t
2. The number of the organism consumption is larger than its growth in nature.
3. There is environmental destruction so that the environment condition doesn’t fulfill the requirement of certain species to survive.
Summary of ecosystem conservation
a. Changing the pattern of food consumption if people consume different types of food, it will encourage farmers to cultivate various plants. As a results, we will indirectly conserve different types of organisms in nature.
b. Reducing the hunting organism species that can only reproduce naturally. For examples are reducing and regulating the hunting season, such as establishing rules that ban the hunting of types of organisms that are rare.
c. Preventing environmental destruction, i.e preventing environmental pollution.
d. Performing conservation. This action performed because many animals species can only survive in their own habitat. That’s way , many countries provide an area that used as a national park or nature conservation.
Summary of The density of human population
A group of individual species that settle on area in a certain time is called population.
1. Population growth and environmental carrying capacity
Population growth is the increase of population number because the birth rate is more rapidly than the mortality rate.
is the level of population growth of each organism similar ?
no , there are types of population growth of organism, namely S growth type and J growth type. J growth type is when it is described in a graphic, its growth follows the pattern of J alphabet. S growth type when the population growth of a species resembles the pattern of S alphabet.
2. Human population and the number of population growth
Human population in one place is also called population of inhabitants. Human population also grows. Population growth on earth is getting more rapidly. until now, the growth follows J type.
Population growth in developed countries is relatively slower than that in the developing countries. As a result, it is estimated that 76 % of world population live in developing countries.
3. Human population and the development of live quality
The exploitation of natural resources from the environmental will increase in line with human population growth and the human standard of living. The more dense the human population is, the more natural resources are exploited from the environment. The improvement of standard living also influences the number of natural resources exploitation from the environment.
4. Human population and the problem causes
The increasing population number gives impact to the human life.
a. Population with the need for clean water and air
The increasing number of population from year to year has increased the need for clean water and air.
Water and air area actually renewable natural resources so their availability should be sufficient , but since the number of population and pollution have increase, the availability of clean water and air is considered insufficient, particularly in big cities.
b. Population with the availability of land and food
The increasing number of population has also increased the need for land and food. However, the number of agricultural lands has decreased, especially in java because the function of agriculture lands is transformed into housings and industrial estate. The limited agricultural lands also caused limited food availability.
