TRANSPORTASI PADA TUMBUHAN

TRANSPORTASI PADA TUMBUHAN

Transportasi tumbuhan adalah proses pengambilan dan pengeluaran zat-zat ke seluruh bagian tubuh tumbuhan. Pada tumbuhan tingkat rendah (misal ganggang) penyerapan air dan zat hara yang terlarut di dalamnya dilakukan melalui seluruh bagian tubuh. Pada tumbuhan tingkat tinggi (misal spermatophyta) proses pengangkutan dilakukan pembuluh pengangkut yang terdiri dari xylem dan phloem.

            Tumbuhan memerlukan berbagai macam zat untuk kelangsungan hidupnya. Zat-zat tersebut sebagian besar diambil dari lingkungan, misalnya mineral, air, karbon dioksida, dan oksigen. Tumbuhan tingkat tinggi mengambil oksigen dan karbon dioksida melalui daun. Air dan garam-garam mineral diserap oleh tumbuhan dari dalam tanah melalui rambut-rambut akar yang terdapat pada epidermis akar. Tumbuhan mengambil air, karbon dioksida, dan oksigen dengan cara difusi, osmosis, dan transpor aktif.

Imbibisi : merupakan penyusupan atau peresapan air ke dalam ruangan antar dinding sel,

sehingga dinding selnya akan mengembang.  Misal masuknya air pada biji saat berkecambah dan biji kacang yang direndam dalam air beberapa jam.

Diffusi : gerak menyebarnya molekul dari daerah konsentrasi tinggi (hipertonik) ke konsentrasi rendah (hipotonik). Misal pengambilan O₂ dan pengeluaran CO₂ saat pernafasan, penyebaran setetes tinta dalam air.

Osmosis : proses perpindahan air dari daerah yang berkonsentrasi rendah (hipotonik) ke daerah yang berkonsentrasi tinggi (hipertonik) melalui membran semipermiabel. Membran semipermiabel adalah selaput pemisah yang hanya bisa ditembus oleh air dan zat tertentu yang larut di dalamnya. Keadaan tegang yang timbul antara dinding sel dengan dinding isi sel karena menyerap air disebut turgor, sedang tekanan yang ditimbulkan disebut tekanan turgor. Untuk sel tumbuhan bersifat selektif semipermiabel. Setiap sel hidup merupakan sistem osmotik. Jika sel ditempatkan dalam larutan yang lebih pekat (hipertonik) terhadap cairan sel, air dalam sel akan terhisap keluar sehingga menyebabkan sel mengkerut. Peristiwa ini disebut plasmolisis.

Beberapa Transportasi pada tumbuhan
Pengangkutan air pada tumbuhan meliputi 2 cara yaitu pengangkutan air dan garam mineral diluar pembuluh xilem (ekstravaskuler) dan pengangkutan air melalui pembuluh xilem (intravaskuler).

1.      Proses Pengangkutan Ekstravaskular

Pengangkutan ekstravaskular adalah pengangkutan di luar berkas pembuluh. Pengangkutan ini bergerak dari permukaan akar menuju ke bagian-bagian yang letaknya lebih dalam dan menuju ke berkas pembuluh. Pada pengangkutan ini, air akan masuk melalui sel epidermis akar kemudian bergerak di antara sel-sel korteks. Air harus melewati sitoplasma sel-sel endodermis untuk memasuki silinder pusat (stele). Setelah sampai di stele, air akan bergerak bebas di antara sel-sel. Cara transportasi dalam pengangkutan air dan mineral secara ekstravaskular ada dua macam, yaitu apoplas dan simplas.

Transportasi ekstravakuler ada dua macam yaitu :

a. Transportasi simplas
Yaitu pengangkutan air dan zat terlarut secara difusi osmosis, dari sel kesel melalui bagian sel tumbuhan yang hidup misalnya sitoplasma (plasmodesmata) da vakuola. Pada transportasi simplas ini air dan zat terlarut terhalang oleh nilai osmosis dan sel endodermis dan perisikel (perikambium) yang lebih rendah dari sel-sel korteks disebelah luarnya sehingga transportasi air dan zat terlarut dari korteks ke stele baik simplas maupun apoplas harus dengan transpor aktif atau pompa ion.
b. Transportasi Apoplas
Merupakan pengangkutan air dan zat terlarut secara difusi osmosis(transpor pasif) diluar sitoplasma melalui bagian sel tumbuhan yang tidak hidup, misalnya melalui dinding sel dan ruang antar sel. Pada transportasi apoplas, air tidak bisa masuk ke xilem karena terhalang penebalan zat gabus(suberin) pita kaspari sel endodermi, sehingga air harus dipompa menembus sitoplasma sel endodermis dan transportasi menjadi bersifat simplastik terutama melalui peresap (sel penerus air) yang letaknya sejajar dan dengan permukaan akar dan tidak berhadapan dengan xilem.

2.      Proses Pengangkutan Intravaskular

Pengangkutan intravaskular adalah pengangkutan melalui berkas pembuluh (xilem) dari akar menuju bagian atas tumbuhan. Pengangkutan air dan mineral dimulai dari xilem akar ke xilem batang menuju xilem tangkai daun dan ke xilem tulang daun. Pada tulang daun terdapat ikatan pembuluh. Air dari xilem tulang daun ini masuk ke sel-sel bunga karang pada mesofil. Setelah mencapai sel-sel bunga karang, air dan garam-garam mineral disimpan untuk digunakan dalam proses fotosintesis dan transportasi. Transportasi pada trakea lebih cepat daripada transportasi pada trakeida.

Faktor yang mempengaruhi transportasi air dan zat terlarut melalui xilem dari akar hingga ke daun antara lain:

a.       Daya kapilaritas
Yaitu kemampuan naiknya cairan didalam pipa kapiler karena adanya adhesi(daya tarik menarik antar molekul tak sejenis) dan kohesi (daya tarik menarik antar molekul sejenis). Air dan zat terlarut dapat diangkut keatas karena daya adhesi lebih besar dari kohesi.

b.      Daya hisap daun
Merupakan kemampuan daun untuk meningkatkan aliran air dari akar kedaun pada saat transpirasi atau penguapan. Molekul air dari akar sampai kedaun berderet secara berkesinambungan seolah-olah membentuk rantai molekul air . Potensial air akan makin kecil jika menjauh dari air. Dengan demikian potensial air daun lebih kecil dari potensial air di akar dan batang. Pada saat transpirasi, potensial air di daun akan mengecil dan mengakibatkan terjadinya tarikan air keatas dari sel-sel dibawahnya.

c.       Teori vital

Teori vital menyatakan bahwa perjalanan air dari akar menuju daun dapat terlaksana karena adanya sel-sel hidup, misalnya sel-sel parenkim dan jari-jari empulur di sekitar xilem.

d.   Daya tekan akar
Merupakan kemampuan akar mendorong air dalam xilem akar menuju keatas. Daya tekan akar merupakan hasil aktifitas sel-sel epidermis dengan rambut akarnya yang terus menerus menyerap air dan zat terlarut dalam tanah dan menyebabkan konsentrasi air dan tekanan turgor sel akar meningkat. Meningkatnya konsentrasi air dan tekanan turgor sel akar menyebabkan terjadinya dorongan air keatas didalam pembuluh xilem.

e. Menurut Dixon-Joly
Naiknya air keatas di dalam xilem disebabkan karena adanya transpirasi di daun yang mengakibatkan molekul air di daun berkurang yang akan segera di isi oleh molekul-molekul air di bawahnya.
Pengangkutan hasil fotosintesis (translokasi) keseluruh bagian tumbuhan melalui floem merupakan transportasi simplas karena floem merupakan sel hidup. Bagian floem yang berperan utama dalam pengangkutan hasil fotosintesis adalah komponen pembuluh tapis yang berupa sel memanjang berbentuk silindris yangbersatu dibagian ujung membentuk suatu pembuluh. Bukti hasil fotosintesis diangkut melalui adalah pengelupasan kulit pada cangkok, penyadapan getah karet getah damar dan nira.

chemical substances we found in shampoo

Some chemical subtances we found in shampoo :)


Water

Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H₂O. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication.

. Sodium laureth sulfate

Sodium laureth sulfate, or sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), is a detergent and surfactant found in many personal care products (soaps, shampoos, toothpaste etc.). SLES is an inexpensive and very effective foaming agent. Although SLES is considered safe at the concentrations used in cosmetic products, it is an irritant similar to other detergents, with the irritation increasing with concentration. SLES has been shown to produce eye or skin irritation in experimental animals and in some human test subjects.

·       Dimenthiconol

This ingredient functions as a skin/hair conditioner, anti-foaming agent and emollient. Like most silicones, this ingredient has a unique fluidity that makes it easily spreadable. When applied to the skin, its known for creating a subtle gloss that feels smooth and silky to touch. the large molecular weight of silicone based polymers such as dimethicone, it would be very unlikely for it to penetrate past the surface of the skin. 

·      Cocamidopropyl betaine

Cocamidopropyl betaine is a synthetic surfactant derived from coconut oil and dimethylaminopropylamine. It is a zwitterionic chemical compound with a quaternary ammonium cation. It is a viscous pale yellow transparent liquid and is used as a surfactant in bath products such as shampoos and hand soaps, and in cosmetics as an emulsifying agent and thickener, and to reduce irritation purely ionic surfactants would cause. It also serves as an antistatic agent in hair conditioners. CAPB has been claimed to cause allergic reactions in some users, but a controlled pilot study has found that these cases may represent irritant reactions rather than true allergic reactions.

·      Perfume

is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, animals, objects, and living spaces "a pleasant scent." The odoriferous compounds that make up a perfume can be manufactured synthetically or extracted from plant or animal sources.

·      Carbomer 

Carbomer is also a generic name for synthetic high molecular weight polymers of acrylic acid used as thickening, dispersing, suspending and emulsifying agents in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. They may be homopolymers of acrylic acid, crosslinked with an allyl ether pentaerythritol, allyl ether of sucrose or allyl ether of propylene. Carbomers are found in the market as white and fluffy powders. They have the ability to absorb, retain water and swell to many times their original volume.

Guar hydroxypropyltri-monium chloride

Guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride is an organic compound that is a water-soluble quaternary ammonium derivative of guar gum. It gives conditioning properties to shampoos and after-shampoo hair care products. The effects of the cationic charge density, guar concentration in aqueous solution, and treatment time on bleached European hair have been studied. A mechanical testing method has been successfully applied to determine the efficacy of cationic guars to improve the ease of combing. The results were confirmed in a shampoo formulation on both virgin and bleached hair.

·      Disodium EDTA

Disodium EDTA is frequently found in ingredients lists of personal care products, manufactured foods and beverages, cleaning supplies, cosmetics, and skin care products. Disodium EDTA also has extensive industrial, medical and engineering applications and is one of the most important and widely used chemical compounds in modern human society.

·      Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents and as a drain cleaner.

·      DMDM hydantoin

Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel has evaluated DMDM hydantoin and concluded "that it was safe to a great majority of consumers but has limited the concentration to 0.2% free formaldehyde due to the skin sensitivity of some individuals to this agent."A study found "An increase in the use of DMDM hydantoin in cosmetic products will also inevitably increase the risk of cosmetic dermatitis in consumers allergic to formaldehyde."

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis comes from the word photon meaning light, and synthesis of the means set. So photosynthesis can be interpreted as a preparation of complex chemical compounds that require light energy. Energy source of natural light is the sun. This process can take place because of a certain pigment with materials CO2 and H2O. Sunlight consists of several spectra, each spectrum have different wavelengths, so the effect on the photosynthetic process is also different (Salisbury, 1995).

Photosynthesis is a complex biological process, this process uses solar energy and light that can be utilized by the chlorophyll contained in chloroplasts. Such as mitochondria, chloroplasts have an outer membrane and inner membrane. Membrane in the surrounding stroma containing an enzyme that dissolves in the membrane structures called thylakoid. The process of photosynthesis is affected by several factors such as water (H2O), CO2 concentration, temperature, leaf age, translocation of carbohydrates, and light. But the major factor that photosynthesis can take place is light, water, and carbon dioxide (Kimball, 1992).

Although photosynthesis may take place in various ways in various species, some of the characteristics are always the same. For example, the process always starts with the light energy absorbed by chlorophyll proteins called photosynthetic reaction center. In plants, protein is stored in organelles called chloroplasts, whereas in bacteria, these proteins are stored in the plasma membrane. A portion of the light energy gathered by chlorophylls is stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The remaining energy is used to separate electrons from a substance such as water. These electrons are used in a reaction that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds. In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, was conducted in a series of reactions called the Calvin cycle, but a series of different reactions are found in some bacteria, such as reverse Krebs cycle in Chlorobium. Many photosynthetic organisms have adaptations that concentrate or store carbon dioxide. This helps reduce wasteful process called photorespiration which can be spent most of the sugar produced during photosynthesis.

The first photosynthetic organisms likely evolved about 3,500 million years ago, early in the evolutionary history of life when all life forms on Earth are microorganisms and has a large amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Living things when it is most likely utilize hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide - not water - as a source of electrons. Cyanobacteria appeared later, around 3,000 million years ago, and drastically change when they start oxygening Earth's atmosphere at about 2,400 million years ago. This new atmosphere enables the evolution of complex life are like protists. In the end, no less than a billion years ago, one of the protists formed a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria and produce common ancestor of all plants and algae. Chloroplasts in modern plants are the descendants of this symbiotic cyanobacteria.

The Light Reaction

Light reaction is a process to produce ATP and NADPH2 reduction. This reaction requires water molecules and the light of the Sun. The process begins with the capture of photons by the antenna pigments.

Light reaction involves two photosystems that cooperate with each other, namely photosystem I and II. [38] Photosystem I (PS I) contains the reaction center P700, which means that the photosystem is optimally absorb light at a wavelength of 700 nm, whereas photosystem II (PS II ) containing P680 and the optimal reaction center absorbs light at a wavelength of 680 nm.
Light reaction mechanism begins with the stage where the photosystem II absorb sunlight so that chlorophyll in PS II electron excited states and lead the charge to be unstable. To stabilize the back, PS II will take electrons from H2O molecules around it. Water molecules will be resolved by ion manganese (Mn), which acts as an enzyme. This will result in the release of H + in the thylakoid lumen.

By using electrons from water, then PS II would reduce plastokuinon (PQ) form PQH2.  Plastokuinon a quinone molecule found in the thylakoid membrane lipid bilayer. Plastokuinon will send electrons from PS II to an H + pump called the cytochrome b6-f complex.  The overall reaction that occurs in PS II are:
                                               2H2O + 4 + 2PQ + photon-4H → 4H + + O2 + 2PQH2

Cytochrome b6-f complex serves to carry electrons from PS II to PS I by oxidizing PQH2 and reduction of small proteins that are very easy to move and contain copper, which is named plastosianin (PC).  This incident also led to pump H + from the stroma to thylakoid membrane.  The reaction in the cytochrome b6-f complex is :
                                                 2PQH2 4PC + (Cu2 +) → + 2PQ 4PC (Cu +) + 4 H + (lumen)


Electrons from cytochrome b6-f complex to be received by photosystem I. is to absorb light energy Photosystem apart from PS II, but it contains an integral core complex, which receives electrons from H2O via the PS II core complex in advance.  For systems that rely on light, PS I plastosianin oxidize reduced function and move the electrons to the Fe-S protein called soluble feredoksin.  the overall reaction in PS I is :
                                        Light 4PC + (Cu +) + 4Fd (Fe3 +) → 4PC (Cu2 +) + 4Fd (Fe2 +)

Further electrons from feredoksin used in the final stages of the transport of electrons to reduce NADP + to form NADPH. [38] This reaction is catalyzed by enzymes in the stroma-NADP + reductase feredoksin. [38] The reaction is [38]:
                                        4Fd (Fe2 +) + 2H + + + 2NADP → 4Fd (Fe3 +) + 2NADPH

H + ions that have been pumped into the thylakoid membrane will go into the ATP synthase.  of ATP synthase will compare the formation of ATP with the transport of electrons and H + across the thylakoid membrane.  The entry of H + on the ATP synthase will make ATP synthase worked to change ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) to ATP.  overall reaction that occurs in the light reaction is as follows  :
                                       ADP + Pi + light + NADP + + 2H2O → ATP + NADPH + 3 H + + O2

The scheme Z

In plants, light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts and use light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH. Light reaction has two forms: the cycle and nonsiklus. At nonsiklus reaction, the photons are absorbed in the antenna complex of photosystem II by light-absorbing pigment chlorophyll and other accessories. When the chlorophyll molecules in photosystem II reaction center core obtain sufficient excitation energy from the adjacent antenna pigments, an electron is transferred to electron acceptor molecules, ie feopftin, through a process called separation of power terfotoinduksi. These electrons are transferred through a series of electron transport, the so-called Z scheme, which initially serves to generate kemiosmosis potential along the membrane. One enzyme ATP synthase using kemisomosis potential to generate ATP during photophosphorylation, whereas NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the scheme Z. Electrons into the chlorophyll molecules in fofosistem II. Electrons are excited because the light is absorbed by the photosystem. The second electron carrier receives electrons, which again is passed to lower energy electrons penerim. The energy generated by the electron acceptor used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane to the lumen. Electrons are used to reduce the coenzyme NADP, which has the function of the light reaction. The reaction cycle nonsiklus similar, but differ in shape because it only produces ATP, and no NADP (NADPH) produced reduced. The reaction cycle only lasts in photosystem I. Once the electrons transferred from photosystem, the electron is moved through the electron-accepting molecules and returned to photosystem I, that's where the electron was originally issued, so the reaction is named in the reaction cycle.

                                                             Photolysis of Water

     NADPH is the main reducing agent in chloroplasts, providing a source of energetic electrons to other reactions. Its production leaves chlorophyll with a deficit of electrons (oxidized), which must be obtained from some other reducing agents. Electrons lost from chlorophyll in photosystem I are replaced from a series of electron transport by plastosianin. However, since photosystem II includes the first phase of the scheme Z, an external electron source to reduce molekuk siperlukan its chlorophyll a has been oxidized. Source of electrons in photosynthesis of green plants and cyanobacteria is water. Two water molecules are oxidized by the reaction of the separation-energy four in a row by photosystem II to produce one molecule of oxygen diatom and four hydrogen ions; electrons generated at each stage was transferred to a redox-active tyrosine residue that then reduces the paired species of chlorophyll a has been called the P680 terfotooksidasi useful as the primary electron donor (driven by light) on the photosystem II reaction center. Catalyzed the oxidation of water by photosystem photosystem II by a redox-active structure that contains four manganese ions and one calcium ion; complex evolution of oxygen is bound to two molecules of water and store the equivalent of four that has been oxidized is required to perform water oxidation reaction. Photosystem II is the only enzyme known to carry out biological oxidation of water. Hydrogen ions contribute to the transmembrane potential kemiosmosis that led to the synthesis of ATP. Oxygen is the residue of the reaction product of light, but most organisms on Earth use oxygen for cellular respiration, including photosynthetic organisms.

The Dark Reaction

  Dark reactions in plants can occur via two pathways, the Calvin-Benson cycle and the Hatch-Slack cycle. In the Calvin-Benson cycle plants convert ribulose 1.5 bisphosphonate compound into a compound with three carbon atom number of the compound 3-phosphogliserat. Hence plants that run through the dark reaction pathway is called C-3 plants. Belay CO2 as a carbon source in plants is aided by the enzyme RuBisCO. Plants are dark reactions following the Hatch-Slack pathway is called C-4 plants due to a compound formed after mooring CO2 is oxaloacetate, which has four carbon atoms. Enzymes that play a role is the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxilase.

Calvin-Benson cycle

Mechanism of the Calvin-Benson cycle begins with the fixation of CO2 by ribulose diphosphate carboxylase (RuBP) to form 3-Phosphoglyceric.  is an enzyme RuBP alosetrik stimulated by three types of lighting changes

resulting from chloroplast. First, the reaction of this enzyme is stimulated by an increase in pH.  If the chloroplasts were light, the ion H + is transported from the stroma into the thylakoid result in an increase in pH of the stroma that stimulates enzyme carboxylase, is located on the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane.  Second, this reaction stimulated by Mg2 +, which enters the stroma of leaves as H + ions, if the chloroplasts were light.  Third, the reaction was stimulated by NADPH, generated by photosystem I light during administration. CO2 fixation is a dark reaction is stimulated by light chloroplasts.  Fikasasi CO2 through the process of carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration.  carboxylation involves the addition of CO2 and H2O into RuBP to form two molecules of 3-Phosphoglyceric (3-PGA).  Later in the reduction phase, the carboxyl group in 3-PGA is reduced to an aldehyde group in 3-fosforgliseradehida (3-Pgaldehida).

This reduction does not occur directly, but the carboxyl group of 3-PGA is first converted into the acid anhydride ester type 1.3-bifosfogliserat acid (1,3-bisPGA) with the last addition of phosphate groups from ATP.  ATP was arising from photophosphorylation and ADP is released when the 1.3-bisPGA formed, which rapidly converted back to ATP by the addition reaction of photophosphorylation. reducing the actual material is NADPH, which accounts for two electrons. Taken together, Pi released and re-used to convert ADP to ATP.  

In the phase of regeneration, the regenerated RuBP is required to react with additional CO 2 that diffuses constantly into and through the stomata.  At the end of the reaction of Calvin, a third ATP is required for each molecule of CO2 is tethered, is used to change the ribulose-5 -phosphate to RuBP, then the cycle begins again.

Three rounds will cycle tether 3 molecules of CO2 and the end product is a 1.3-Pgaldehida. Some used the chloroplast to form starch, while others were carried out.  This system makes a constant amount of total phosphate in the chloroplasts, but led to the emergence of triosafosfat in the cytosol.  Used the cytosol trioses phosphate to form sucrose.

                                       Experiments Ingenhousz

Tool :                                                                                     

    Medium-size bottle of mineral water (pict.1)

    Timekeeper

Material :

    Plant of  Hydrilla Verticillata

    Water

Time :    09.10 Wita until finish        

Place   : Schoolyard of Junior High School 2 Maros

Work Steps of experiment Ingenhousz  :

§     Water bottle with water filled to the brim

§    Enter the plant Hydrilla verticillata into a bottle of mineral water

§   . Close the bottle tightly

§     Place the bottle that had been given Hydrilla plants in areas of direct sunlight

§     Observe what happens

§     After  1 hour later, again observe the changes in the bottle and its content

§     Write the results of observations on a sheet of paper

§     And the conclusion was the result of photosynthesis experiments are you doing.

      

 The Result of Experiment Ingenhousz

day/ date	time	Hour	duration of observation	number of bubbles
Thursday/ 05-04-2012	morning	09.10 – 09.11 Wita	1minute	34 bubbles
Thursday / 05-04-2012	Afternoon	12.09 – 12.10 Wita	1minute	121 bubbles
Thursday / 05-04-2012	Afternoon	13.00 – 13.01 Wita	1minute	106 bubbles
Thursday / 05-04-2012	Evening	16.04 – 16.05 Wita	1minute	65 bubbles
Thursday / 05-04-2012	Evening	19.00-19.01 Wita	1minute	no bubble

Important things resulted from the experiment, which are :

§      The gas released by plant is O2

§      Sunlight is needed in the process

§      Only the green part releases 02

          When the bottle containing the  Hydrilla verticillata plant and water, will soon appear bubbles of air that meets the surface of the bottle. Bubbles generated in the experiment was a oxygen. This gas is formed by the photolysis process in which water is decomposed into oxygen gas that will appear in the form of bubbles with the following equation:
                                               2H2O (l) 4H + (aq) + O2 (g)
         Of the equation appears to O2 gas produced from the decomposition of molecules of water.  After left for one hour under a hot sun in a bottle of water decreases 1 cm and create your bottle becomes bloated and can not stand anymore.

CONCLUSION

          From  experiments have been carried out it can be concluded photosynthesis is a

biochemical process in which plants, algae, and some types of bacteria used to produce energy (nutrients) by utilizing light energy. Almost all living things depend on energy produced in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is one way in photosynthetic carbon assimilation due to CO 2 bonded carbon-free (fixed) into sugars as energy storage molecules. In photosynthesis, the chemical energy converts carbon dioxide into sugar and takes place in the stroma. Glucose not only provides an energy savings of chemical bonds, but also provide a molecular basis for generating thousands of other molecules needed by plants. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis. The overall chemical process of photosynthesis can be simplified into the following equation:
                               6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy C6H12O6 +6 O2 +6 H2O
Here are some key factors that determine the rate of photosynthesis:
1. Light Intensity
The maximum photosynthetic rate when a lot of light.
2. Concentration of carbon dioxide
The more carbon dioxide in the air, the more the amount of material used DAPT plants to continue photosynthesis.
3. Temperature
Enzymes that work in the process of photosynthesis can only work at optimum temperature. Generally fotosintensis rate increases with increasing temperature up to the tolerance of the enzyme.
4. Water Content
Water shortage or drought cause stomata to close, blocking the absorption of carbon dioxide, thereby reducing the rate of photosynthesis.
5. Fotosintat Levels (of photosynthesis)
If fotosintat such as reduced carbohydrate levels, photosynthetic rates will rise. If levels of fotosintat increases or even saturated, the rate of photosynthesis will decrease.